Institute for early education research accessed at, may 2004. The history of the theory presented here has been documented, to some extent, in two earlier theoretical articles sternberg, 1980b, 1984. The theory attempts to understand the human intelligence in terms of distinct components rather than a single ability. The three different categories to processes information is analytically, creatively, and practically. This short paper analyzes the components of sternbergs triarchic theory of intelligence and assesses its applicability to psychotherapy. Sternberg s definition of human intelligence is a mental activity directed toward purposive adaptation to, selection and shaping of, realworld environments relevant to ones life sternberg, 1985, p. Chc theory and the pass model along with spearmans g form the theoretical foundation for nearly all commercial tests of intelligence. This theory was proposed by american psychologist robert sternberg 1984. A theory of adaptive intelligence and its relation to general. We highlight some theories, such as the chc theory and the pass model, that are closely tied to the measurement of intelligence. Intelligent activities are not an expression of innumerable highly specific factors, as thorndike claimed.
In this theory, intelligence is defined in terms of the ability to achieve success in. Sternberg department of psychology, yale university, new haven, conn. Saat ini provost dan profesor psikologi di oklahoma state university. Sternbergs triarchic theory of intelligence last updated. They have a wider and more holistic view of intelligence than the traditional unitary view of intelligence in the sense of there is a single factor of intelligence, g, which classifies intelligence as.
Sternberg s triarchic theory of intelligence categorizes the intelligence s of humans into three groups. Charles spearman developed his twofactor theory of intelligence using factor analysis. The theory is substantially broader than conventional theories of intelligence. Dia kemudian menjadi dekan fakultas seni dan ilmu pengetahuan di tufts university. Howard gardner 1983, 1993, robert sternberg 1988, 1997, and david perkins 1995 have written widely sold books that summarize the literature and present their own specific points of view. Aristotles triarchic theory of intelligence prefigures, but apparently does not serve directly as a source for, sternberg s comparable contemporary theory.
Sekilas robert jeffrey sternberg robert jeffrey sternberg lahir pada tanggal 8 desember, 1949 di newark, new jersey. Pdf sternbergs triarchic theory of intelligence aron. The theory of intelligence that we are most interested in, is sternberg s triarchic theory of human intelligence. Psychologist robert sternberg s theory describes types of love based on three different scales. Sternberg invites the nineteen most highly cited psychological scientists in the leading textbooks on human intelligence to share their research programs and findings. Theories of intelligence in psychology verywell mind.
Sternberg 12 tufts university,medford, usa abstract this article presents a theory of successful intelligence. It is important to recognize that a relationship based on a single element is less likely to. According to him intellectual abilities are comprised of two factors, namely the general ability known as gfactor and specific abilities known as sfactors. This article is a synopsis of a triarchic theory of human intelligence. The triarchic theory of intelligence proposes that there are three distinct types of intelligence. The triarchic theory of human intelligence provides a broader basis for understanding intelligence than do many, if not most theories of intelligence.
Every approach to thinking comes up with its own different perspective and assumptions, often contradicting at least one earlier theory. The article made the argument arguing that intelligence. Sternberg s triarchic theory of successful intelligence contends that intelligent behavior arises from a balance between analytical, creative and practical abilities, and that these abilities function collectively to allow individuals to achieve success within particular sociocultural contexts sternberg, 1988, 1997, 1999. The gfactor and the sfactor are two parts of spearmans twofactor theory of intelligence. Sternberg, a wellknown psychologist whose research often focuses on human intelligence and creativity. Thurstons theory of intelligence louis leon thurstone 29 may 1887 30 september 1955 was a u. Ability to think abstractly, process information effectively contextual intelligence practical ability.
Setelah mendapatkan gelar sarjana, sternberg kembali ke yale sebagai profesor psikologi. He conceived the approach to measurement known as the law of comparative judgment, and is well known for his contributions to factor analysis. Contrary to the beliefs of the time, sternberg rejected the idea. Sternberg s triarchic theory is an important effort to synthesize the various theories of.
He distinguished between information processing components and metacomponents. The triarchic theory by sternberg categorized intelligence into three different aspects. Shlomo sternberg at the harvard mathematics department. This type of intelligence allows a person to process information eff ectively and think abstractly. Sternberg s triarchic theory of intelligence was a revolutionary approach to human intelligence which took into account much more than empirical data.
Theories of intelligence, learning, and motivation as a basis. A triangular theory of creativity, kinds of defiance in creativity, defying the crowd, defying oneself, and defying the zeitgeist contain text that is identical or near identical to text that appears in sternberg, r. Such a definition of adaptive intelligence would need to be biologically based in terms of evolutionary theory, would need to take into account the. Triangular theory of love the triangular theory of love explains the topic of love in an interpersonal relationship. Augmented theory of successful intelligence the traditional view of intelligence is that it comprises a single general ability g, under which are hierarchically arranged successively more specific levels of abilities, such as fluid ability the ability to think flexibly and in novel ways and crystallized ability cumulative knowledge. The theory by itself was among the first to go against the psychometric approach to intelligence and take a more cognitive approach. Robert sternberg developed his triarchic theory of intelligence in the 1980s as an attempt to understand human intelligent in terms of components rather than ability.
On this view, the kinds of governments we have in the world are not merely coincidental, but rather are external reflections or mirrors of ways in which we. His research not only led him to develop the concept of the g factor of. Sternberg s 1987 componential sub theory is presented in this study as a theory of intelligence because it describes the various cognitive processes underlying problem solving. The three meta components are also called triarchic components. He states that investigators in intellectually related fields. Analytical intelligence is for people who are able to take problems apart and solve them using logically reasoning and planing. In this theory, intelligence is defined in terms of the ability to achieve success in life based on ones personal standards and within ones sociocultural context. Sternbergs triarchic theory of successful intelligence contends that intelligent behavior arises from a balance between analytical, creative and practical abilities, and that these abilities function collectively to allow individuals to achieve success within particular sociocultural contexts sternberg, 1988, 1997, 1999. Howard gardners theory of multiple intelligences many of us are familiar with three general categories in which people learn. Chc theory cattellhorncarroll the theory of intelligence that is most used in iq tests is the chc cattellhorncarroll. Sternberg s theory builds on his earlier componential approach to reasoning.
Sternbergs triarchic theory of intelligence exploring. Sternberg s three types of intelligence, called the triarchic theory, are. The theories are grouped into four major theory types. Theory of functions of real variable 2 meg pdf advanced calculus 30 meg pdf with index 16meg without index purchase hard copy from world scientific. Contemporary theories of intelligence scott barry kaufman. Sternberg has proposed a triarchic theory of intelligence and a triangular theory of love. The discussion of the following theories is roughly chronological, although somewhat arbitrary, and the reader should not infer a priority based on the order in which the material is presented. He conducted research to determine mental functions, different ways of thinking, and how to modify cognition. A more recent type of theory is the systems theory, which attempts to. These theories have been the basis for most conventional tests of intelligence iq tests. As we mentioned above, sternberg laid out three types of intelligence. Beyond these three general categories, many theories of and approaches toward human potential have been developed. Sternberg was born in 1949 and is an american psychologist and a psychometrician. The triarchic theory of intelligence or three forms of intelligence was formulated by robert sternberg, a prominent figure in research of human intelligence.
American psychologist, robert sternberg, made his name by proposing the triarchic theory of intelligence. Some researchers have suggested that intelligence is a single, general ability, while others believe that intelligence encompasses a range of aptitudes, skills, and talents. The study of human intelligence features many points of consensus, but there are also many different perspectives. Stephen hawkingthe fundamental principles of the triarchic theory of intelligence. Sternberg believes that this kind of practical intelligence is the tacit knowledge. History of intelligence testing includes galton, binet, terman, wechsler, wais, sternberg s triarchic theory, gardner 3. Theory of multiple intelligences and sternbergs triarchic. Sternberg s theory gets at what intelligence is gardners theory gets at how people use their intelligence in different ways sternbergs 3 components are a part of each of gardners multiple intelligences. It corresponds closely to aristotles three excellences of intelligence theoretical, practical and productive tigner and tigner 2000, as well as to sternberg s 1985 triarchic theory of.
The english psychologist, charles spearman 18631945, in 1904 proposed his theory of intelligence called twofactor theory. It defines intelligence in terms of the ability to achieve ones goals in life, within ones sociocultural contex t. Thinking styles the theory of mental selfgovernment holds that styles of thinking can be understood in terms of constructs from our notions of government. The ability to achieve success depends on the ability to capitalize on ones strengths and to correct or compensate for ones weaknesses. Robert sternbergs triarchic theory of intelligence componential intelligence experiential intelligence creative ability analytical ability ability to formulate new ideas, to combine seemingly unrelated facts or information. Sternbergs views on intelligence the second principle. Sternberg s 1987 componential subtheory is presented in this study as a theory of intelligence because it describes the various cognitive processes underlying problem solving. He is the creator with todd lubart 25 of the investment theory of creativity, which states that creative people buy low and sell high in the world of ideas, and a propulsion theory of creative contributions, which states that creativity is a form of. The triarchic theory of intelligence was formulated by robert sternberg in the 1980s. The first main thing gardners theory of multiple intelligences and sternberg s theory of intelligence both are about multiple intelligences. This short paper analyzes the components of sternberg s triarchic theory of intelligence and assesses its applicability to psychotherapy.
Pdf toward a triarchic theory of human intelligence. It is the oldest theory regarding the nature of intelligence and flourished. The triarchic theory is comprised of three subtheories, each of which relates to a specific kind of intelligence. While intelligence is one of the most talked about subjects in psychology, there is no standard definition of what exactly constitutes intelligence. Dynamical systems 1 meg pdf lie algebras 900 k pdf. Oliver 1997 has noted that gardners multiple intelligence theory can be compared with cognitive style. Components are the steps to solve a problem and the metacomponents are the basics of knowledge that one has to know to solve the problem. His theory is mostly based on observing yale graduate students.
What are the different theories of intelligence in. Iq tests, which measure general cognitive ability, are derived from his theory of general intelligence. Studying sternbergs views on intelligence a brief overview of the threefold view of intelligence or triarchic intelligence contact leslie in studying different views and theories on intelligence and creativity i have become a fan of the works of dr. A triarchic theory of human intelligence springerlink. In the first article sternberg, 1980b a theory of components of intelligence was presented. Sternberg has proposed what he refers to as a triarchic theory of human intelligence. Sternbergs triarchic theory of intelligence and what it. Brief notes on robert sternbergs theory of intelligence. The theory of successful intelligence actef eivissa.